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            "10": {
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                "title": "Taxes",
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                        "*": "For properties we manage we handle all the tax filings. At the end of the year we will provide the owner with the details and instruction how to file the relevant income taxes. For people living outside Japan we file a non-resident income tax return.\n\n== Possession Tax ==\n\nPaid once a year. The invoice normally arrives on June 1st and needs to be paid by the end of June. It is possible to pay in 4 quarterly installments.\n\nThe exact number is computed using a complex formula that takes 4 different assessments (2 for the building, 2 for the land) and then multiplies some assessments by 1.4%, others by 0.3%. There is often a 20% discount on the tax for land and possible other discounts depending on the zoning, and possibly the alignment of stars. The assessed values differ wildly from the real market value. In Tokyo alone we have seen variations between 20% to 120%, making the annual possession tax a rather random number, on average about 0.3% to 0.5% of the market value each year.\n\n== Acquisition Tax ==\nThis tax is due a few months after buying the property. Normally around 0.5 to 1.0% of the purchase price, it can peak as high as 2%.\nIt is based on the assessed value and the calculation for residential property is as follows:\n\n  Acquisition Tax = Assessed Land Value x Share of the Land x 1.5% + Assessed Apartment Value x 3%\n\nCommercial properties are taxed at 4% instead of 3%.\n\nThe assessed land and building value are published annually and available from the property records that are obtainable from the tax office. Here are examples of these property records.\n\n{| border=\"0\" \n|-\n| [[image:assessed land value.jpg|400px|thumb|c|left|The assessed land value and the share of the land are circled in red]] [[image:assessed building value.jpg|400px|thumb|c|right|The apartment value is circled in red ]]\n|}\n\nThere is a discount for newly built properties. More information can be found on this [http://tochi.mlit.go.jp/english/tax/02_01_02.html page] of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.\n\n== Stamp Duty ==\n\nOn any real estate contract both the buyer and the seller need to put a stamp. The stamps can be bought at the post office and the value is dependent on the transaction price. Mortgage contracts need a stamp too and the tax rates for this are slightly different.\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|-\n! Transaction Amount\n! Property Purchase\n! Mortgage\n|-\n| 10,000 or less\n| nil\n| nil\n|-\n| 10,001 - 100,000\n| 200\n| 200\n|-\n| 100,001 - 500,000\n| 400\n| 400\n|-\n| 500,001 - 1,000,000\n| 1,000\n| 1,000\n|-\n| 1,000,001 - 5,000,000\n| 1,000\n| 2,000\n|-\n| 5,000,001 - 10,000,000\n| 5,000\n| 10,000\n|-\n| 10,000,001 - 50,000,000\n| 10,000\n| 20,000\n|-\n| 50,000,001 - 100,000,000\n| 30,000\n| 60,000\n|-\n| 100,000,001 - 500,000,000\n| 60,000\n| 100,000\n|-\n| 500,000,001 - 1,000,000,000\n| 160,000\n| 200,000\n|-\n| 1,000,000,001 - 5,000,000,000\n| 320,000\n| 400,000\n|-\n| more than 5,000,000,000\n| 480,000\n| 600,000\n|-\n| if no amount is stated\n| 200\n| 200\n|}\n\n== Income Tax ==\nRental income is part of your income and taxed as such.\nMaintenance, repair, management and financing costs can be deducted.\n[http://akasakarealestate.com/wiki/index.php/Taxes#Depreciation_Deduction_for_Income_Tax Depreciation] can be deducted too. \nIf you are not resident in Japan the total income in Japan will be low and so you will fall in a low tax bracket. Also no local tax will have to be paid.\n\nThe first 480,000 yen is the total income not taxed. After that the national tax rates are as follows:\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|-\n! Tax Base (Yen)\n! Tax\n|-\n|1 - 1,950,000 \t\n|5%\n|-\n|1,950,001 - 3,300,000\n|10% of base exceeding 1,950,000\n|-\n|3,300,001 - 6,950,000\n|20% of base exceeding 3,300,000\n|-\n|6,950,001 - 9,000,000\n|23% of base exceeding 6,950,000\n|-\n|9,000,001 - 18,000,000\n|33% of base exceeding 9,000,000\n|-\n|18,000,001 and over\n|40% of base exceeding 18,000,000\n|}\n\nA 2.1% Tohoku reconstruction tax on the tax amount is added to the final bill.\n\nWhen filing personal income tax you are required to fill out two forms for the real estate income:\n\n{| border=\"0\" \n|-\n| [[image:incometaxrentalincome.jpg|400px|thumb|c|left|The income tax form ]] [[image:incometaxdepreciation.jpg|400px|thumb|c|right|The depreciation calculation form ]]\n|-\n| [[image:incometaxtranslation1.jpg|400px|thumb|c|left|Translation of the income tax form (part 1) ]] [[image:incometaxtranslation2.jpg|400px|thumb|c|right|Translation of the income tax form (part 2) ]]\n|-\n| [[image:incometaxtranslation3.jpg|400px|thumb|c|left|Translation of the depreciation calculation form (part 1) ]] [[image:incometaxtranslation4.jpg|400px|thumb|c|right|Translation of the depreciation calculation form (part 2) ]]\n|}\n\n=== Depreciation Deduction for Income Tax ===\nIt is possible to use depreciation to reduce the income tax burden. In Japan it is only possible to depreciate the building, not the land. When purchasing a new structure, often the breakdown is given. However when purchasing a second hand property it is not clear how much can be declared as building value. One way it to look at the possession tax valuation of the building and land and take that ratio. Another option would be to use the [http://akasakarealestate.com/wiki/index.php/Property_Valuation Rosenka] for the land valuation. When a property is sold, capital gains tax will have to be paid over the difference between the sales price and the book value. As depreciation reduces the book value, it will increase the capital gains tax when the property will be sold.\n\nTo calculate the depreciation you can depreciate the building in an amount of years, depending on what type of structure it is. This is called the 'useful life' in Japan.\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|-\n! Building Type\n! Useful life\n|-\n|Steel frame reinforced concrete buildings or reinforced concrete buildings\n|47 years\n|-\n|Brick, stone or block construction\n|38 years\n|-\n|Metal construction (thickness of internal frame exceeds 4 mm)\n|34 years\n|-\n|Metal construction (thickness of internal frame exceeds 3 mm)\n|27 years\n|-\n|Metal construction (thickness of internal frame is 3 mm or below)\n|19 years\n|-\n|Wood or wood composite construction\n|22 years\n|-\n|Wood frame mortar construction\n|20 years\n|}\n\n\nFor second hand properties you can deduct 80 percent of the age. So for example a concrete apartment built in 1980 and bought in 2011 can be depreciated in 47 - (31 x 80%) = 47 - 24.8 = 22 years. The depreciation amount is 1/22 = 4.5% of the building value a year. When calculating the amount of years and the percentage depreciation the results are truncated down. It is not possible to depreciate a building more than its useful life, so a 40 year old wood frame structure must be depreciated in 20% of 20 = 4 years.\n\nTo reduce the income tax burden sometimes several strategies are suggested to maximize the depreciation. However there are also downsides to this approach. For example the building value on a new property is higher, so the taxable depreciation is higher as well. Unfortunately such a new property will suffer a real market depreciation as well. Another strategy is to purchase a very old wooden frame structure on cheap land, allowing to depreciate almost the full purchase price in just 4 years. However capital gains tax will need to be paid when selling the property, so this might only be interesting for temporary residents who are now paying a high income tax rate, but are expected to leave Japan and so will fall into the 15% capital gains rate when selling. Also such old wooden structures might incur high maintenance costs and are hard to manage as they are normally only found outside Tokyo. The loophole for claiming a tax deduction for property outside Japan was closed in 2021.\n\n=== Withholding for Income Tax ===\n\nFor non-residents the tax office wants to make sure that the income tax is paid. To this effect the law states that 20.42% of the incoming rent should be paid as withholding tax. When the annual income tax is filed by March the following year the owner will get a refund of these withholding tax payments. \n\nOfficially a withholding tax filing is the responsibility of the tenant and should be done for every rent payment. This entails filling out a tax form, making the payment and sending a copy of the payment slip to the owner. Clearly this would create an excessive amount of paperwork and so the tax office is willing to take a rather flexible approach. This means that normally there is no issue if the withholding tax is not filed in case both the renter and the owner are individuals. If the renter is a corporation however they have requested that the payments are made for larger rent payments, but they are willing to let the property manager handle it. The exact definition of 'large' has not been given, but so far we have managed to avoid this paperwork for rents below 100,000 yen a month. However, sometimes an accountant hired by the renter insists.\n\n=== How to file ===\n\nFor residents just take the proof of your other income like your salary slips to the tax office along with the real estate forms. If your additional income is less than 200,000 yen no filing is necessary.\n\n== Capital Gains ==\nOn short term holdings (less than 5 to 6 years) the tax rate on capital gains is quite high at 39% (30% national + 9% local tax). Non-residents pay only the national tax. There are ways to reduce it to 15% or less. If the dwelling is used as a primary residence the first 30 million yen of capital gains per owner is tax free. If you have owned it for over 10 years the first 60 million yen gains is taxed at 14% instead of 20%. A couple owning a house jointly gets 60 million tax free. If you own a property more than 6 years the tax rate goes down to 20% (15% national and 5% local tax). If you are not a resident in Japan that means the tax is 15%. Between 5 and 6 years it depends on the time of year. To get the lower tax rate 6 times January 1st must have passed since the purchase.\n\nThe Capital Gains is calculated by taking the profit (sales price - purchase price - closing costs) and adding the depreciation that was reported for income tax. If no depreciation was reported, a mandatory minimum depreciation is added nonetheless.\n\nOn top of the national tax an added 2.1% Tohoku reconstruction charge is levied. This means the effective tax is between 15.315% (non-resident, holding over 6 years) and 39.63% (resident, short term holding).\n\n=== Withholding for Capital Gains ===\n\nTo ensure a non-resident seller files the capital gains tax form the buyer needs to withhold 10.21% of the sales price and pay this in withholding tax. The seller then can claim this back by filing the correct papers. For leasehold the amount is 20.42%.\n\n== Entrepreneurial Tax ==\nIndividuals owning on their personal title 10 or more apartments or 2 or more buildings are charged an extra 5 percent of the profit when filing their personal income tax.  The first 2,900,000 yen profit tax not taxed though. There is some rounding involved as well. Here is an example:\n\n* Income: 4,993,170 yen \n* Deduction: 2,900,000\n* Taxable: 2,093,000 (rounded down to the lowest thousand yen)\n* 5% tax: 104,600 (rounded down to the lowest 100 yen)\n\nTo avoid this tax we recommend to divide ownership of many apartments over the different family members. It is also possible to put the ownership in a limited company and then pay yourself a salary as a director. For residents this salary would be taxed as income. For non-residents there is a flat tax of 20% on income distributions. A further advantage of having a company structure is the possibility to deduct travel and entertainment expenses. The initial set-up costs for a company in Japan are around 250,000 to 500,000 yen. Annual corporate tax will be 70,000 yen if all income is distributed as salary. The annual tax filing would cost around 150,000 to 300,000 depending on the complexity.\n\n== Sales Tax ==\nNo sales tax is levied on residential rental contracts. For corporate contracts 10% sales tax is added. However if the owner is an individual and the total rent is less than 10 million yen a year, the owner can keep this money and does not have to file a sales tax form.\n\n== Direct ownership versus a holding company ==\n\nAs a direct owner you have to pay income tax at progressive rates over the profit made from the investment properties. For large investors it can be a good idea to set up a local Japanese company (kabushiki kaisha) to reduce the tax burden. Setting up a company takes around 3 months and costs about 300,000 to 500,000 yen. The annual accounting costs might be similar. In return it is possible to deduct for example entertainment expenses and many more items from your profit. You would have to put yourself and possibly other people on the payroll to avoid paying the high corporate taxes. This could allow you to spread the income over several people making sure to avoid those higher tax bands. For non-resident directors there is a fixed tax rate of 20.42%. A company might also be liable for sales tax over non-residential rental income. Given the costs and tax rates, setting up a company is not attractive for non-residents, unless you are investing over 500 million yen. And even then, you could consider buying properties in the name of children or other family members to avoid higher tax rates.\n\nPutting Japanese property directly in an overseas holding company might not be an effective way to save taxes. In such circumstances the tax rate would be 20% of the rent without allowing any deductions. Also the property manager would have to file a withholding tax form and make a payment with the tax office for EVERY rent payment. If overseas ownership is required a special construction called a [http://www.venturejapan.com/tokumei-kumiai-tk.htm Tokumei Kumiai (TK)] should be set up instead. However this is only suitable for larger investments (JPY 200 million and over) given the fact that non-residents pay very low tax rates on smaller investments."
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            "22": {
                "pageid": 22,
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                "title": "The Buying Process",
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                        "*": "== Finding Property ==\n\n== Bidding ==\n\nIn the current market it is difficult to negotiate the price down as there are many bidders and almost no sellers. However in a normal market a discount of 5 to 10% of the asking price is reasonable, but it really depends on the property and the seller. Some properties are priced very reasonable and in such a case you should bid the asking price immediately, as otherwise someone else will take it. Other properties are priced too high and in such cases asking a discount of 20 to 30% is prudent. But in times when market prices are moving upwards it is common not to be able to get a discount at all.\n\nNormally we start with making an initial low bid without asking for details about the property. Make sure not to bid too low: it offends the seller and you will not be considered anymore afterward.\nIf the seller is interested, ask for more documentation and raise the bid.\nBe patient and respectful: most sellers are in their 70s and they are selling due to their advanced age, not because there is anything wrong with the property.\n\n== Due Diligence ==\n\nWhen a bid is accepted the seller\u2019s broker will prepare the contract. We then proceed with the due diligence. During this process we check all the relevant details of the property. This includes the land, building maintenance records and management, rental payments (if any), zoning, etc.. When this is completed we provide a single page summary of the contract and the conclusions of the due diligence. This process normally takes 2-3 weeks. However it depends on how quickly the seller provides the required documentation.\n\n== The Contract ==\n\nYou can sign the contract either with a registered seal (hanko) or your signature. \nYou will need proof of residency. For Japanese citizens this is called a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABminhy%C5%8D juminhyo], for foreign residents in Japan it is a touroku genpyou kisai jikou syoumeisyo (\u767b\u9332\u539f\u7968\u8a18\u8f09\u4e8b\u9805\u8a3c\u660e\u66f8). For non-residents a notarized [[statutory declaration]] is required for which we will provide the template. The scrivener who handles the title transfer will confirm your identity and intentions. In case where the settlement is not done at contract date the buyer normally has to put up a 10% deposit. This deposit does not go into escrow. Therefore we check if the owner has excessive mortgage obligations or other debts related to the property. If that is the case we request the selling broker to hold the deposit until closing\n\n== Settlement ==\nAt the closing day everyone will come together. The transfer of the title deed and the payments will be made simultaneously.\nLarge payments are normally done by domestic bank transfer, smaller ones by registered check and sometimes even in cash. If you can not make it to the closing, everything can be done through a Power of Attorney as well.\n\n=== Non resident bank account in Japan ===\n\nNo bank in Japan is allowed to open a regular bank account for a non-resident without marking it as an overseas account. This means that anyone transferring funds into such an account would have to use the international wire transfer form and pay the associated 6,500 yen transfer fee per transaction. And recently banks are increasingly checking the residency status of existing account holders as well. Several clients had their accounts closed after they moved out of Japan. To get a local bank account as a non-resident you would have to set up a local corporation, with all the tax and accounting consequences.\n\nNon-residents therefore can have a trusted friend come to the closing and make the payment. Otherwise they can transfer the funds to Akasaka Real Estate a few days before. For the [http://www.akasakarealestate.com/wiki/index.php/Property_Management_Agreeement property management] there is no need to get a Japanese bank account as Akasaka Real Estate will handle all the transactions.\n\n== The Title ==\nAfter the closing the scrivener will register the new owner with the local registration office. They issue a new title normally within 2-3 weeks. The scrivener can send the title to the new owner. For owners living abroad we recommend that we keep the title in the safe at our office as some overseas postal services are not reliable enough to be entrusted with such a hard to replace document. If required, we can send a title with a special mail delivery, but this will come with an extra cost and still is not without risk of losing the title."
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